Working of electric motor mainly depends upon the interaction of magnetic field with current. An electric vehicle ev is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. The largescale use of evs in public life has initiated the need to establish ev battery charging. No one questions the battery in a gasoline car depending upon that battery to start the car, operate the interior and exterior lights, along with the radio, cd player and other accessories. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged into a charging station or wall outlet to charge. A 240volt outlet, similar to those used for clothes dryers, can charge a vehicle overnight. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electricpower conversion devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternatingcurrent alternator, and the rotary converter. The first thing is to distinguish between an allelectric, or battery electric vehicle and a hybrid. A gasolineelectric hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel.
A battery electric vehicle, or bev, uses an electric motor in place of an internal combustion engine used in gasolinepowered vehicles. The turbine drives the alternator coupled with it and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Up to 80 percent of the energy in the battery is transferred directly to power the car, making it a highly efficient mode of transportation. The controller gets its power from an array of rechargeable batteries. The operating principle of a general fuel cell is demonstrated.
To induce motion into a selfpowered body, some form of energy needs to be converted into mechanical energy. Depending on the type of battery, a vehicle recharge may take as little as 30 minutes via fast charging or up to a full day when using level 1 charging. All of these motors work in more or less same principle. Aug 04, 2017 working of antilock braking system abs the controller ecuelectronic control unit reads the signal from each of the speed sensors of the wheel. Jul 11, 2019 the electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Fullycharged, most battery electric cars have a driving range of between 70 to 100 miles, well within the daytoday range requirements of most americans, though some bevs can go up to. The solar vehicle is a step in saving these non renewable sources of energy. The water turbine changes the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy at the turbine shaft. Mechtech knowhow currently it has videos related to automobile engineering. If the armature winding is supplied by an external dc source, current starts flowing through the armature conductors. Electricity means that a battery sometimes assisted by ultracaps is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor from now on called motor will be used as traction motor. Battery electric vehicle, drive cycles, electric motor, sizing, energy. Electric vehicles iv the australian electric vehicle association aeva is pleased to see the hard work of beyond zero emissions come to fruition, with this zero carbon australia electric vehicles report being released. The electric traction motor drives the wheels of the vehicle.
Principle of operation 227 capacitorrun motors 229 splitphase motors 230 shadedpole motors 231. In doing so it converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off vehicle sources, or may be selfcontained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. These are frequently used on radiocontrolled models which are electrically powered, with the change most frequently used for brushless motors providing an electronically. It shows the actual working of the hybrid car toyota prius.
An electric motor uses the attraction and repulsion of magnetic fields to produce motion. After the car starts to move, it is in the normal driving mode. Oct 29, 2016 hybrid vehicle layout and working easy explanation. An electric v ehicle may be powered through a collector syst em by elect rici ty from off vehicle sources, or may be selfcontained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to ele ctricity. Antilock braking system abs working principle, main. If the electromagnet is not energized, the rotation of the disc is free and accelerates. Apr 11, 2020 it converts the vehicle s kinetic energy into heat which goes waste. Hybrid electrical vehicles introduction a hybrid electric vehicle hev has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Working of hybrid cars, how hybrid cars works, series and. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel components, such as a fuel pump, fuel line, or fuel tank. The electricity, thus regenerated, charges the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle. Up to 80 percent of the energy in the battery is transferred directly to power. Of course, there are driving modes in between these, when both i. Pressing down on the horn triggers the electromagnet, which in turn causes the diaphragm to move.
This is the basic working principle of hydroelectric power plant. The charged batteries are used to drive the motor which serves here as an engine and moves the vehicle in. The electric motor gets its power from a controller. Aevs all electric vehicles are powered by one or more electric motors. Electric motors and drives fundamentals, types and applications third edition austin hughes senior fellow, school of electronic and electrical engineering, university of leeds amsterdam boston heidelberg london new york oxford paris san diego san francisco singapore sydney tokyo newnes is an imprint of. An electric car simply consists of three main components battery, controller and electric motor. Principles for effective electric vehicle incentive design executive summary many governments around the world, faced with declining air quality and their own climate goals, have been working to accelerate the market for electric vehicles. Now we will discuss the basic operating principle of electric. Battery electric vehicles bevs, compared to classic internal combustion engine ice vehicles, are fairly simple and easy to operate. The internal combustion engine in hybridelectric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. These materials, called magnets, are also called ferromagnetic because. This channel is for mechanical diploma students channel. A gasoline engine, with its fuel lines, exhaust pipes, coolant hoses and intake manifold, tends to look like a plumbing project. In simple words, falling water spins the water turbine.
Seminar on hybrid cars hybrid electric vehicles hev. The overall electric vehicle performance and fuel efficiency is typically controlled by high level supervisory control algorithm that consists of eventbased or timebased conditions. Electric circuit analogy 10 the airgap 11 reluctance and airgap flux densities 12. The combinations may vary depending upon the functions of the engines. An electric car stores its energy on boardtypically in batteries, but alternatively with capacitors or flywheel storage. The electric vehicle power source is the battery which acts as a gas tank and supplies the electric motor with the energy necessary to move the vehicle.
You will find electric motors in everything from juicers and toothbrushes, washing machines and dryers, to robots. Evs also known as plugin electric vehicles derive all or part of their power from electricity supplied by the electric grid. This development is driven by the necessity to economize on energy and thus reduce co 2 emissions. During the starting position, none of the system is working. An inverter is a device that converts dc power to the ac power used in an electric vehicle motor. Aev motors are electric and powered by rechargeable battery packs.
The basic principles behind the technology are this. Find out which bevs and phevs are available to suit your needs. The working principles of hybrid cars it still runs. Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability pdf. Working principle of hydroelectric power plant your. But, the initial cost for an electric car will be very high. Because it runs on electricity, the vehicle emits no exhaust from a tailpipe and does not contain the typical liquid fuel. As the conductors are carrying current inside a magnetic field, they will experience a force which tends to rotate the armature. Motors are the work horses of hybrid electric vehicle drive systems. The system captures and converts this waste energy into electricity. The number of electric vehicles ev in the world has been increasing and is gaining momentum. The converter can be used with or without a 12v backup battery. In most cases, electric cars are created by converting a gasolinepowered car, and in that case it is impossible to tell. Most have allelectric ranges of 80 to 100 miles, while a few luxury models have ranges up to 250 miles.
Electric horns use the principles of electromagnetism to operate. When you drive an electric car, often the only thing that clues you in to its true nature is the fact that it is nearly silent. For conventional vehicles, this is done by igniting gasoline, letting it explode in the heart of an engine. All electric vehicles aev, as their name suggests, run solely on electricity. However, the regenerative system recovers some of the waste energy and puts it to work again. The objective of the two working groups is to seek regulatory convergence on the global scale via the work in the framework of the 1998 agreement. The term esc stands for electronic speed control is an electronic circuit used to change the speed of an electric motor, its route and also to perform as a dynamic brake. Which type of vehicle will fit your lifestyle depends on your needs and driving habits. An electric vehicle ev is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for. In figure, the driving shaft a with flange c is rotating at n rpm, and shaft b with the flange 0 is keyed to the driven shaft which is in stationary position when the clutch is not engaged. Jan 09, 2012 the basic principles behind the technology are this. Hybrid vehicle layout and working easy explanation.
Vehicles making use of engines working on the principle of combustion can usually only derive their energy from a single or a few sources, usually. Magnetic levitation maglev requires electromagnetic current to generate magnetic field. The principle of battery power to operate a car remains wellknown and has been accepted for a long time. Electronic speed control esc circuits, working and applications. The hybrid takes the good points of a battery its ability to power the vehicle at low speeds over short distances and avoids the downside the lack of power for long distance and higher speeds. The beginners guide to electric vehicles ev plug in bc. Introduction to basic notions on electric power 5 electric current conductor lines of force fig. When two dissimilar metallic substances, called electrode, are placed in a diluted electrolyte, oxidation and reduction reaction take place in the electrodes respectively depending upon the electron affinity of the metal of the electrodes. A gasoline electric hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. Table of contents starting systems bmw 7 series e38. Automobile clutch clutch types, principle, types of clutches. The interaction of two magnetic fields produce this rotational force. Antilock braking system also known as antiskid braking system abs is an automobile safety system which prevents the locking of wheels during braking and avoid uncontrolled skidding.
Optimal design of electric vehicle power system with the. An electric motor would soon deplete its battery on a long highway drive, but can drive the vehicle efficiently through city traffic with no emissions to release into the city atmosphere. When the vehicle is idle there is no electrical current being processed, so energy is not being used up. The direction of the lines of force is given by the law of the screwdriver. The basic engine principle of electric cars is simple, but a lot of technology goes into the refinement of the driving experience. All electric vehicles evs have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric motor and must be plugged in to a charging station or wall outlet to charge. These are frequently used on radiocontrolled models which are electrically powered, with the change most frequently used for brushless motors providing an electronically produced 3phase electric power low voltage source. Working of electric cars electronic circuits and diagrams. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. Starting system principle of operation electric starter motor the electric starter motor converts electrical current into rotary motion. Placing a coil of wire inside a permanent magnetic field and fixed so it can. Then, the terms of reference tor for the electric vehicle safety evs working group with the goal of establishing a global technical regulation gtr for evs covering high voltage electrical.
Principles for effective electric vehicle incentive design. Depending on vehicle type and driving style, epas systems contribute to a reduction. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from offvehicle sources, or may be selfcontained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. Pdf overview of electric vehicle concept and power. An electric car stores its energy on boardtypically in batteries, but alternatively with capacitors or flywheel storage devices. Bevs use a traction battery pack to store electricity, power an electric motor, which in turn drive the wheels. Principles of operation of synchronous machines the synchronous electrical generator also called alternator belongs to the family of electric rotating machines. Sometimes the electric motors provide the driving power while in other cases the combustion engine does the heavy work. Electronic speed control esc circuits, working and. As a consequence of reaction force, the magnet will experience an equal and opposite. The controller acts as a regulator, and controls the. Like other electric and hybridelectric vehicles, bevs minimize wasted energy by turning the car off when stopped idleoff and by charging the battery when braking regenerative braking.
What is the working principle of an electric motor. The internal combustion engine in hybrid electric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. Optimal design of electric vehicle power system with the principle of. A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle ev components.
Electric vehicles ev, including battery electric vehicle bev. They consume no petroleumbased fuel and produce no tailpipe emissions. The total fuel efficiency during the cycle process in alair electric vehicles evs can be 15%. If the backup battery is not charged but the dcdc has input voltage, the charge control lamp lights up. Working principle the working principle of the electric retarder is based on the creation of eddy currents within a metal disc rotating between two electromagnets, which sets up a force opposing the rotation of the disc see figure 2. A typical vehicle horn system comes with a steel diaphragm, a contractor and an electromagnet. Apr 16, 2016 the combinations may vary depending upon the functions of the engines.
Working principle of dc motor mainly depends upon fleming left hand rule. Draft global technical regulation on electric vehicle. The modern abs system allows steering during braking which. Brushless dc motor bldc construction, working principle.
As the brakes are suddenly applied by the driver, this makes the wheel to decelerate at faster rate and may cause the wheel to lock. The latest developments in the field of hybrid electric vehicles hybrid electric vehicles provides an introduction to hybrid vehicles, which include purely electric, hybrid electric, hybrid hydraulic, fuel cell vehicles, plugin hybrid electric, and offroad hybrid vehicular systems. In hybrid electric vehicle the engine is the final source of the energy used to power the car. Allelectric vehicles evs have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. Bldc motor works on the principle similar to that of a conventional dc motor, i. Very imilar whereas their principles are very different. Dec 26, 2016 monorail system ppt, pdf report free download. Unlike a traditional vehicle, where the engine must ramp up before full torque can be provided, an electric motor provides full torque at low speeds. Other members of the family are the directcurrent dc motor or generator, the induction motor or generator, and a number of derivatives of all these three. The basic principle of solar car is to use energy that is stored in a battery during and after charging it from a solar panel. The battery cost will be about 25%35% of actual electric vehicle cost which makes the consumer to think twice before buying these types of vehicles.
The batteries used in electric vehicles will have a valid life cycle for charging and discharging and has to be replaced after that. Evs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface. Seminar on hybrid cars hybrid electric vehicles hev full. The vehicle uses a large traction battery pack to power the electric. The aeva, formed during the oil price shocks of 1973, has long held the view that a shift. Or it may generate energy using a fuel cell or generator. In a basic dc motor, an armature is placed in between magnetic poles. Superconducting electric magnets in the vehicle to drift and move the train. Feb 25, 2015 battery electric cars have the added benefit of home recharging. Allelectric vehicles aev, as their name suggests, run solely on electricity. If the electromagnet is not energized, the rotation of the disc is. An electric vehic le ev i s a vehi cle that uses one or more elec tric motors or traction motors for propuls ion.
A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct current using a commutator. The basic engine principle of electric cars all about. They receive electricity by plugging into the grid and store it in batteries. Pdf power management in electric vehicle has been revolutionized since the old power structure. Thus the car will automatically change to the use of electric motor. A battery works on the oxidation and reduction reaction of an electrolyte with metals.